Tumor-on-chip (ToC) is crucial to bridge the gap between traditional cell culture experiments and in vivo models, allowing to recreate an in vivo-like microenvironment in cancer research. ToC use microfluidics to provide fine-tune control over environmental factors, high-throughput screening, and reduce requirements of samples and reagents. However, creating these microfluidic devices requires skilled researchers and dedicated manufacturing equipment, making widespread adoption cumbersome and difficult. To address some bottlenecks and improve accessibility to ToC technology, innovative materials and fabrication processes are required. Polystyrene (PS) is a promising material for microfluidics due to its biocompatibility, affordability, and optical transparency. Herein, a fabrication process based on direct laser writing on thermosensitive PS, allowing the swift and economical crafting of devices with easy pattern alterations, is presented. For the first time, a device for cell culture fabricated only by PS is presented, allowing customizing and optimization for efficient cell culture approaches. These biochips support 2D and 3D cultures with comparable viability and proliferation kinetics to traditional 96-well plates. The data show that gene and protein silencing efficiencies remain consistent across both chip and plate-based cultures, either 2D culture or 3D spheroid format. Although simple, this approach might facilitate the use of customized chip-based cancer models.

Tumor-on-chip (ToC) is crucial to bridge the gap between traditional cell culture experiments and in vivo models, allowing to recreate an in vivo-like microenvironment in cancer research. ToC use microfluidics to provide fine-tune control over environmental factors, high-throughput screening, and reduce requirements of samples and reagents. However, creating these microfluidic devices requires skilled researchers and dedicated manufacturing equipment, making widespread adoption cumbersome and difficult. To address some bottlenecks and improve accessibility to ToC technology, innovative materials and fabrication processes are required. Polystyrene (PS) is a promising material for microfluidics due to its biocompatibility, affordability, and optical transparency. Herein, a fabrication process based on direct laser writing on thermosensitive PS, allowing the swift and economical crafting of devices with easy pattern alterations, is presented. For the first time, a device for cell culture fabricated only by PS is presented, allowing customizing and optimization for efficient cell culture approaches. These biochips support 2D and 3D cultures with comparable viability and proliferation kinetics to traditional 96-well plates. The data show that gene and protein silencing efficiencies remain consistent across both chip and plate-based cultures, either 2D culture or 3D spheroid format. Although simple, this approach might facilitate the use of customized chip-based cancer models.

Eight new amorphous organic salts of folic acid (FA) were prepared by mechanochemistry. FA can prevent cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Mechanochemistry overcomes serious FA solubility issues avoiding the use of toxic solvents. Due to low FA solubility, therapeutic effects in supplements and drugs are not achieved. Current strategies to improve FA solubility include its derivatization by using complex synthetic procedures. Herein, a simple and green procedure, avoiding structural modifications, was designed using mechanochemistry. Biocompatible amine-derivative coformers were strategically combined with FA to obtain salts with good physicochemical properties. New 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 amorphous FA salts offer 10 to 10,000 times better aqueous solubility and 10 to 100 times better octanol-water partition coefficient values (Koctanol/water) than FA alone. Koctanol/water is considered as a surrogate of cell permeability. No toxic effects in normal human primary dermal fibroblasts were detected for the prepared FA salts. Our findings suggest that 1 : 2 FA salts of choline hydroxide and derivatives could be good candidates for future pharmaceutical/nutraceutical applications.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Cisplatin has challenged cancer treatment; however, resistance and side effects hamper its use. New agents displaying improved activity and more reduced side effects relative to cisplatin are needed. In this work we present the synthesis, characterization and biological activities of three complexes with quinoline-substituted 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine ligand: [Pt(4′-(2-quin)-terpy)Cl](SO3CF3) (1), [Au(4′-(2-quin)-terpy)Cl](PF6)2·CH3CN (2) and [Cu(4′-(2-quin)-terpy)Cl](PF6) (3). The three complexes displayed a high antiproliferative activity in ovarian carcinoma cell line (A2780) and even more noticeable in a colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116) following the order 3 > 2 > 1. The complexes IC50 are at least 20 × lower than the IC50 displayed by cisplatin (15.4 μM) in HCT116 cell line while displaying at the same time, much reduced cytotoxicity in a normal dermal fibroblast culture. These cytotoxic activities seem to be correlated with the inclination angles of 2-quin unit to the central pyridine. Interestingly, all complexes can interact with calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) in vitro via different mechanisms, although intercalation seems to be the preferred mechanism at least for 2 and 3 at higher concentrations of DNA. Moreover, circular dichroism (CD) data seems to indicate that complex 3, more planar, induces a high destabilization of the DNA double helix (shift from B-form to Z-form). Higher the deviation from planar, the lower the cytotoxicity displayed by the complexes. Cellular uptake may be also responsible for the different cytotoxicity exhibited by complexes with 3 > 2 >1. Complex 2 seems to enter cells more passively while complex 1 and 3 might enter cells via energy-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Complexes 1–3 were shown to induce ROS are associated with the increased apoptosis and autophagy. Moreover, all complexes dissipate the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to an increased BAX/BCL-2 ratio that triggered apoptosis. Complexes 2 and 3 were also shown to exhibit an anti-angiogenic effect by significantly reduce the number of newly formed blood vessel in a CAM model with no toxicity in this in vivo model. Our results seem to suggest that the increased cytotoxicity of complex 3 in HCT116 cells and its potential interest for further translation to pre-clinical mice xenografts might be associated with: 1) higher % of internalization of HCT116 cells via energy-dependent and -independent mechanisms; 2) ability to intercalate DNA and due to its planarity induced higher destabilization of DNA; 3) induce intracellular ROS that trigger apoptosis and autophagy; 4) low toxicity in an in vivo model of CAM; 5) potential anti-angiogenic effect.

As Yondelis joins the ranks of approved anti-cancer drugs, the benefit from exploring the oceans' biodiversity becomes clear. From marine toxins, relevant bioproducts can be obtained due to their potential to interfere with specific pathways. We explored the cytotoxicity of toxin-bearing secretions of the polychaete Eulalia onto a battery of normal and cancer human cell lines and discovered that the cocktail of proteins is more toxic towards an ovarian cancer cell line (A2780). The secretions' main proteins were identified by proteomics and transcriptomics: 14-3-3 protein, Hsp70, Rab3, Arylsulfatase B and serine protease, the latter two being known toxins. This mixture of toxins induces cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase after 3h exposure in A2780 cells and extrinsic programmed cell death. These findings indicate that partial re-activation of the G2/M checkpoint, which is inactivated in many cancer cells, can be partly reversed by the toxic mixture. Protein-protein interaction networks partake in two cytotoxic effects: cell-cycle arrest with a link to RAB3C and RAF1; and lytic activity of arylsulfatases. The discovery of both mechanisms indicates that venomous mixtures may affect proliferating cells in a specific manner, highlighting the cocktails' potential in the fine-tuning of anti-cancer therapeutics targeting cell cycle and protein homeostasis.

New hetero-arylidene-9(10H)-anthrone derivatives (1) were synthesized from reaction of 1,2-dimethyl-3-alkyl imidazolium salts (2) and 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde. Ion exchange of the anion with dioctyl sulfosuccinate and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide led to the preparation of other derivatives. The antiproliferative effect of the compounds was evaluated in human ovarian (A2780) and colorectal (HCT116) carcinoma cell lines and in normal primary human fibroblasts. Compound 1 presented an antiproliferative effect related to the imidazolium pattern of substitution with compounds having a decyl group at the R-position (1c and 3c) showing the highest cytotoxic activities in all cell lines independently of the counter ion. Compounds 1b and 1c internalize A2780 cancer cells via a passive or an active transport, respectively, inducing A2780 cell death via an extrinsic apoptosis (1b) or intrinsic apoptosis and oncosis (1c). The localization of both compounds in the cytoplasm coupled to the absence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction suggest that the mechanisms of toxicity might be different than those of other anthracyclines currently used in chemotherapy.

Surface modification of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is a strategy to tune their biocompatibility. Herein we report on the synthesis of a series of fluorescent ZnO NPs modified with 2-10% (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to investigate the fluorescence properties and to explore their applications in microbiology and biomedicine. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Size reduction occurred from ca. 13 nm in unmodified ZnO to 3-4 nm in silane-modified samples and fluorescence spectra showed size-dependent variation of the photoemission bands' intensity. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities were investigated on Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, and in ovarian (A2780) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells by tetrazolium/formazan-based methods. The antibacterial effect was higher for E. coli than S. aureus, while the cytotoxic activity was similar for both cancer cells and varied with the particle size. Cell death by apoptosis, and/or necrosis versus autophagy, were explored by flow cytometry using an Annexin V based-method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The main mechanism of ZnO NPs toxicity may involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of apoptosis or autophagy. This work revealed the potential utility of GPTMS-modified ZnO NPs in the treatment of bacterial infection and cancer.

The water-soluble 1D helical coordination polymer [Ag(Tpms)]n (1) [Tpms = tris(pyrazolyl)methane sulfonate, −O3SC(pz)3; pz = pyrazolyl] was synthesized and fully characterized, its single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealing the ligand acting as a bridging chelate N3-donor ligand. The antiproliferative potential of 1 was performed on two human tumour cell lines, A2780 and HCT116, and in normal fibroblasts, with a much higher effect in the former cell line (IC50 of 0.04 μM) as compared to the latter cell line and to normal fibroblasts. Compound 1 does not alter cell cycle progression but interferes with the adherence of A2780 cells triggering cell apoptosis. Apoptosis appears to occur via the extrinsic pathway (no changes in mitochondria membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-apoptotic (B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) associated protein (BAX))/anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) ratio) being this hypothesis also supported by the presence of silver mainly in the supernatants of A2780 cells. Results also indicated that cell death via autophagy was triggered. Proteomic analysis allowed us to confirm that compound 1 is able to induce a stress response in A2780 cells that is related with its antiproliferative activity and the trigger of apoptosis.

A trimetallic Cu II derivative, [Cu 3 (L) 2 (CF 3 COO) 2 ] (1) (where H 2 L = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,3-propanediamine), was prepared and characterized. In 1, the two terminal Cu II ions are linked to the central Cu II by trifluoroacetato and doubly bridging phenoxido. Both the square-pyramidal and octahedral geometries are observed among two different Cu II centers in the linear arrangement of the trimetallic unit. Compound 1 is characterized by IR and UV-Vis spectra. Compound 1 has high cytotoxic activity in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) and particularly, in ovarian carcinoma (A2780) cell line compared to a lung adenocarcinoma cell line. The IC 50 in A2780 cells is 25 times lower than the respective value for normal human primary fibroblasts demonstrating 1 has higher cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Additionally, combination of DOX with 1 induces a higher loss of HCT116 cell viability compared with each drug alone.

A new and never before reported hetero-arylidene-9(10H)-anthrone structure (4) was unexpectedly isolated on reaction of 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylimidazolium iodide (2) and 9-anthracenecarboxaldehyde (3) under basic conditions. Its structure was unequivocally confirmed by X-ray crystallography. No cytotoxicity in human healthy fibroblasts and in two different cancer cell lines was observed, indicating its applicability in biological systems. Compound 4 interacts with CT-DNA by intercalation between the adjacent base pairs of DNA with a high binding affinity [Kb = 2.0 (±0.20) × 105 m–1], which is 10 × higher than that described for doxorubicin [Kb = 3.2 (±0.23) × 104 m–1]. Furthermore, compound 4 quenches the fluorescence emission of a GelRed–CT-DNA system with a quenching constant (KSV) of 3.3 (±0.3) × 103 m–1 calculated by the Stern–Volmer equation.

Once released to the extracellular space, exosomes enable the transfer of proteins, lipids and RNA between different cells, being able to modulate the recipient cells’ phenotypes. Members of the Rab small GTP-binding protein family, such as RAB27A, are responsible for the coordination of several steps in vesicle trafficking, including budding, mobility, docking and fusion. The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for gene silencing is considered a cutting-edge technology. Here, AuNPs were functionalized with thiolated oligonucleotides anti-RAB27A (AuNP@PEG@anti-RAB27A) for selective silencing of the gene with a consequent decrease of exosomes´ release by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells. Furthermore, communication between tumor and normal cells was observed both in terms of alterations in c-Myc gene expression and transportation of the AuNPs, mediating gene silencing in secondary cells.

Reactions between 4'-phenyl-terpyridine (L) and several Cu(II) salts (p-toluenesulfonate, benzoate and o-, m-or p-hydroxybenzoate) led to the formation of [Cu(p-SO3C6H4CH3)L(H2O)(2)](p-SO3C6H4CH3) (1), [Cu(OCOPh)(2)L] (2), [Cu(o-OCOC6H4OH)(2)L] (3), [Cu(m-OCOC6H4OH)(2)L]center dot MeOH (4 center dot MeOH) and [Cu(pOCOC(6)H(4)OH)(2)L]center dot 2H(2)O (5 center dot 2H2O), which were characterized by elemental and TG-DTA analyses, ESI-MS, IR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as by conductivimetry. In all structures the Cu atoms present N3O3 octahedral coordination geometries, which, in 2-5, are highly distorted as a result of the chelating-bidentate mode of one of the carboxylate ligands. Intermolecular pi...pi stacking interactions could also be found in 2-5 (in the 3.569-3.651 angstrom range and involving solely the pyridyl rings). Mediumstrong hydrogen bond interactions lead to infinite 1D chains (in 1 and 4) and to an infinite 2D network (in 5). Compounds 1 and 4 show high in vitro cytotoxicity towards HCT116 colorectal carcinoma and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. The antiproliferative potential of compound 1 is due to an increase of the apoptotic process that was confirmed by Hoechst staining, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. All compounds able to non-covalently intercalate the DNA helix and induce in vitro pDNA double-strand breaks in the absence of H2O2. Concerning compound 1, the hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen do not appear to be involved in the pDNA cleavage process and the fact that this cleavage also occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen points to a hydrolytic mechanism of cleavage.

Nanoparticle based systems, in particular gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), provide for simple calorimetric detection of molecular biomarkers, such as DNA, RNA. These systems rely on the functionalization of AuNPs with ssDNA oligonucleotides requiring strenuous laboratory centrifugation steps not compatible with industrial scale up. Here, we demonstrate the potential of dia-ultrafiltration for purification of Au-nanoprobes. We show that dia-ultrafiltration can be regarded as better alternative to centrifugation, allowing for a less intensive sample manipulation, easier transposable to the industrial scale. The purification of AuNPs was performed by dia-ultrafiltration using membranes of regenerated cellulose with a nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10 kDa and a processing strategy which combined subsequent AuNPs cleaning and concentration steps. instead of the permeation flux decline typically found in ultrafiltration processes operated under concentration modes, purification of Au-nanoprobes by dia-ultrafiltration was followed by a subtle increase of the permeation fluxes. This effect was ascribed to improved external mass transfer conditions near the membrane surface, prompted by the decrease of the overall solute concentration in the retentate over the process Lime. This strategy allowed for the total retention of the AuNPS, yielding nanoprobes capable of higher signal to noise ratios. Proof-of-concept was directed at the synthesis of Au-nanoprobes for identification of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause tuberculosis in humans. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The therapeutic promise of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for specific gene silencing is dependent on the successful delivery of functional siRNAs to the cytoplasm. Their conjugation to an established delivery platform, such as gold nanoparticles, offers tremendous potential for treating diseases and advancing our understanding of cellular processes. Their success or failure is dependent on both the uptake of the nanoparticles into the cells and subsequent intracellular release of the functional siRNA. In this study, utilizing gold nanoparticle siRNA-mediated delivery against C-MYC, we aimed to determine if we could achieve knockdown in a cancer cell line with low levels of intracellular glutathione, and determine the influence, if any, of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ligand density on knockdown, with a view to determining the optimal nanoparticle design to achieve C-MYC knockdown. We demonstrate that, regardless of the PEG density, knockdown in cells with relatively low glutathione levels can be achieved, as well as the possible effect of steric hindrance of PEG on the availability of the siRNA for cleavage in the intracellular environment. Gold nanoparticle uptake was demonstrated via transmission electron microscopy and mass spectroscopy, while knockdown was determined at the protein and physiological levels (cells in S-phase) by in-cell westerns and BrdU incorporation, respectively.

The use of microfluidics platforms combined with the optimal optical properties of gold nanopartides has found plenty of application in molecular biosensing. This paper describes a biotnicrofluidic platform coupled to a non-cross-linking colorimetric gold nanoprobe assay to detect a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with increased risk of obesity fat-mass and obesity-associated (FTO) rs9939609 (Carlos et al., 2014). The system enabled significant discrimination between positive and negative assays using a target DNA concentration of 5 ng/mu l below the limit of detection of the conventionally used microplate reader (i.e., 15 ng/mu l) with 10 times lower solution volume (i.e., 3 mu l.). A set of optimization of our previously reported bio-microfluidic platform (Bemacka-Wojcik et al., 2013) resulted in a 160% improvement of colorimetric analysis results. Incorporation of planar microlenses increased 6 times signal-to-loss ratio reaching the output optical fiber improving by 34% the colorimetric analysis of gold nanopartides, while the implementation of an optoelectronic acquisition system yielded increased accuracy and reduced noise. The microfluidic chip was also integrated with a miniature fiber spectrometer to analyze the assays' cobrimetric changes and also the LEDs transmission spectra when illuminating through various solutions. Furthermore, by coupling an optical micmscope to a digital camera with a long exposure time (30s), we could visualise the different scatter intensities of gold nanoparticles within channels following salt addition. These intensities correlate well to the expected difference in aggregation between FTO positive (none to small aggregates) and negative samples (large aggregates). (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A novel synthetic methodology for star shaped gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles is reported. The coating is performed in two steps: formation of gold nuclei at the surface of magnetite nanoparticles followed by growth of the gold nuclei into a complete star shaped shell. The star-shaped gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles thus obtained preserve the magnetic properties of the precursor magnetite nanoparticles, e. g. they can be easily separated with a magnet. In addition, the gold coating provides interesting optical properties while simultaneously allowing for biofunctionalization that may be advantageous for biological applications, such as (bio)detection via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). As a proof-of-concept, a capping agent terminated with a nickel(II)-nitrilotriacetate group showing high affinity for histidine was used to modify the surface of the nanoparticles. The resulting star-shaped nanoparticles were used to selectively capture histidine-tagged maltose-binding protein from a crude cell extract. Finally, the performance of star shaped gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles as SERS platforms was demonstrated through the detection of Raman active dye (Astra Blue).

sistema de dete{\c c}ão e quantifica{\c c}ão de matéria biológica constituído por um ou mais sensores óticos e uma ou mais fontes luminosas, processo associado e aplica{\c c}ões relacionadas a inven{\c c}ão atual relaciona- se a um sistema e a um processo para a dete{\c c}ão e/ou a identifica{\c c}ão qualitativa e quantitativa do material biológico, tal como seqüências específicas de ácidos nucleicos ou de proteínas como anticorpos, presente em amostras biológicas. o sistema é composto por uma ou mais fontes luminosas ( 1) combinadas com um ou mais fotosensores óticos integrados, ou não, e vários componentes eletrônicos ( 4) , necessários para obter/processar o sinal emitido pelas nanosondas de metal funcionalizadas com uma solu{\c c}ão de compósi to biológico, assim como igualmente um microcontrolador e um microprocessador, reparados ou portátil. esta estrutura do fotosensor pode detectar e determinar as varia{\c c}ões da cor produzidas por nanosondas do metal, sendo este preferencialmente ouro, funcionalizado pelos oligonucleotídeos complementares às seqüências específicas, as proteínas de dna/rna, como por exemplo os anticorpos e/ou os antígenos relativos a determinada doen{\c c}a, ou a outra amostra ou solu{\c c}ão de composto biológico, que devem ser investigada. a dete{\c c}ão e o processo da quantifica{\c c}ão são baseados na resposta de um fotosensor, singular ou integrados, baseado na tecnologia da película fina de silicones amorfos, nanocristalinos ou microcristalino e suas ligas, assim como os semicondutores cerâmicos ativos novos, amorfos e não amorfos.

Sistema para detección, identificación y cuantificación en material biológico, compuesto por una o más fuentes de luz (1) combinado con uno o más fotosensores ópticos (6 y 7) y diversos componentes electrónicos (4), necesarios para obtener/procesar la señal emitida caracterizado por: a) La fuente de luz (1), pulsada (2) o no, compuesta de láseres de estado sólido de baja energía o diodos emisores de luz, cuyo rango de longitud de onda está localizado entre 400 y 800 nm con una intensidad de luminosidad controlable que varía entre los valores de 0.01 mW/cm 2 y 100 mW/cm 2 ; b) El fotosensor, sencillo (6 y 7a) y (6 y 7b) o integrado (6, 4 y 7) compuesto de películas delgadas de silicio amorfo o nanocristalino o microcristalino y/o por semiconductores de cerámica tales como IGZO, IAgZO, SnZIO, GZIO, CuOIZ, GITO, entre otros, y basado en estructuras tipo pi'ii'n o MIS, que funciona en un rango de longitudes de onda desde el infrarrojo hasta el ultravioleta, y prové una información cualitativa y cuantitativa basada en la hibridización especifica y selectiva de sondas funcionalizadas con nanopartículas de metal; c) Siendo provista la eliminación del sistema a través de una fuente de energía convencional o a través de baterías fotovoltaicas, que dan portabilidad al sistema, siendo focalizada la luz emitida sobre la muestra, preferiblemente utilizando microlentes, siendo la muestra o muestras no fijadas físicamente al sensor o sensores, colocando la muestra biológica referida (5) sobre el lado opuesto (6) del sustrato donde se deposita el fotosensor (6 y 7).

O presente invento relaciona-se com um novo sistema e processo para detec{\c c}ão e/ou identifica{\c c}ão qualitativa e quantitativa de matéria biológica, tais como sequências específicas de ácidos nucleicos ou proteínas, como anticorpos, presentes em amostras biológicas. O sistema é constituído por uma ou mais fontes luminosas combinadas, com um ou mais fotossensores ópticos integrados, ou não, e componentes electrónicos vários, necessários para obten{\c c}ão/condicionamento do sinal emitido por nanossondas de metal funcionalizadas com a solu{\c c}ão de composto biológico, bem como ainda um micro-controlador e um microprocessador, portável ou fixo. Este fotossensor é capaz de detectar e quantificar as diferen{\c c}as colorimétricas produzidas por nanossondas de metal, sendo este preferencialmente o ouro, funcionalizadas por oligonucleotídeos complementares às sequências específicas de ADN/ARN, proteínas, como por exemplo anticorpos e/ou antigénios relacionados com determinada doen{\c c}a, ou outra amostra ou solu{\c c}ão de composto biológico, que se pretende pesquisar. O processo de detec{\c c}ão e quantifica{\c c}ão baseia-se na resposta de um fotossensor, singular ou integrado, baseado na tecnologia de filmes finos de sílicio amorfo, nanocristalino ou mícrocristalino, e suas ligas, e também nos novos cerâmicos semicondutores activos, amorfos e não morfos. O referido sistema e processo de detec{\c c}ão e/ou identifica{\c c}ão de matéria biológica tem aplica{\c c}ão na biotecnologia, incluindo a biomedicina.