Confocal microscopy is a fluorescence optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph. This technique uses a laser point source to scan the sample and a pinhole to reduce collection of light from outside the focal plane and allows investigators to acquire thin optical sections at various focal planes. Stacks of images can be acquired for 3D visualization.

Flow cytometry is a technology that simultaneously measures and then analyses multiple physical characteristics of single particles as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light.

Application examples:

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) characterizes the thermodynamic driving forces of critical molecular interactions and defines molecular stabilities, being an essential tool in the design of effective biomedical and pharmaceutical treatments. This analysis is based on the accurate measurement of the rate of heat absorbed or evolved when the biomolecule of interest interacts specifically or non-specifically with another macromolecule or ligand.

Mass Photometry is a bioanalytical technology that measures the mass of individual biomolecules or particles in solution, in their native state and without the need for labels, by quantifying light scattering. 

Biophysical applications:

Traditional surface plasmon resonance is an optical technique established as a powerful method to monitor label-free biomolecular interactions in liquids.

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) utilizes the properties of both light scattering and Brownian motion in order to obtain the nanoparticle size distribution of samples in liquid suspension.

Application exemples: