<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pina, A. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. M. Azevedo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aires-Barros, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jungbauer, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Profio, G Di</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heng, JYY</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haigh, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ottens, M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anything but Conventional Chromatography Approaches in Bioseparation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e1900274</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esteves C,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos GMC,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alves C,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palma S,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porteira AR,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filho J,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa HA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alves VD,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faustino BMM,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamboa H,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of film thickness in gelatin hybrid gels for artificial olfaction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Materials Today Bio</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590006418300401</style></url></web-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://sites.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/biomolecular_eng/files/paper_final.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Artificial olfaction is a fast-growing field aiming to mimic natural olfactory systems. Olfactory systems rely on a first step of molecular recognition in which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) bind to an array of specialized olfactory proteins. This results in electrical signals transduced to the brain where pattern recognition is performed. An efficient approach in artificial olfaction combines gas-sensitive materials with dedicated signal processing and classification tools. In this work, films of gelatin hybrid gels with a single composition that change their optical properties upon binding to VOCs were studied as gas-sensing materials in a custom-built electronic nose. The effect of films thickness was studied by acquiring signals from gelatin hybrid gel films with thicknesses between 15 and 90 μm when exposed to 11 distinct VOCs. Several features were extracted from the signals obtained and then used to implement a dedicated automatic classifier based on support vector machines for data processing. As an optical signature could be associated to each VOC, the developed algorithms classified 11 distinct VOCs with high accuracy and precision (higher than 98%), in particular when using optical signals from a single film composition with 30 μm thickness. This shows an unprecedented example of soft matter in artificial olfaction, in which a single gelatin hybrid gel, and not an array of sensing materials, can provide enough information to accurately classify VOCs with small structural and functional differences.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, Abid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semeano, Ana T. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susana I C J Palma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana S Pina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medrado, Bárbara F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pádua, Ana C. C. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, Ana L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madalena Dionísio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Rosamaria W. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamboa, Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulijn, Rein V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gruber, Jonas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, Ana C A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunable Gas Sensing Gels by Cooperative Assembly</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced Functional Materials</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gas sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gelatin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ionic liquids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liquid crystals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-assembly</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201700803/abstract</style></url></web-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://sites.fct.unl.pt/sites/default/files/biomolecular_eng/files/hussain_et_al-2017-advanced_functional_materials_online.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1700803</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1–9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The cooperative assembly of biopolymers and small molecules can yield functional materials with precisely tunable properties. Here, the fabrication, characterization, and use of multicomponent hybrid gels as selective gas sensors are reported. The gels are composed of liquid crystal droplets self-assembled in the presence of ionic liquids, which further coassemble with biopolymers to form stable matrices. Each individual component can be varied and acts cooperatively to tune gels' structure and function. The unique molecular environment in hybrid gels is explored for supramolecular recognition of volatile compounds. Gels with distinct compositions are used as optical and electrical gas sensors, yielding a combinatorial response conceptually mimicking olfactory biological systems, and tested to distinguish volatile organic compounds and to quantify ethanol in automotive fuel. The gel response is rapid, reversible, and reproducible. These robust, versatile, modular, pliant electro-optical soft materials possess new possibilities in sensing triggered by chemical and physical stimuli.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;n/a&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vijaykumar L Dhadge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. M. Azevedo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M. R. Aires-Barros</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boronic acid-modified magnetic materials for antibody purification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. R. Soc. Interface</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/91/20130875.short</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20130875</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Aminophenyl boronic acids can form reversible covalent ester interactions with cis-diol-containing molecules, serving as a selective tool for binding glycoproteins as antibody molecules that possess oligosaccharides in both the Fv and Fc regions. In this study, amino phenyl boronic acid (APBA) magnetic particles (MPs) were applied for the magnetic separation of antibody molecules. Iron oxide MPs were firstly coated with dextran to avoid non-specific binding and then with 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane to allow further covalent coupling of APBA (APBA_MP). When contacted with pure protein solutions of human IgG (hIgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), APBA_MP bound 170 ± 10 mg hIgG g−1 MP and eluted 160 ± 5 mg hIgG g−1 MP, while binding only 15 ± 5 mg BSA g−1 MP. The affinity constant for the interaction between hIgG and APBA_MP was estimated as 4.9 × 105 M−1 (Ka) with a theoretical maximum capacity of 492 mg hIgG adsorbed g−1 MP (Qmax), whereas control particles bound a negligible amount of hIgG and presented an estimated theoretical maximum capacity of 3.1 mg hIgG adsorbed g−1 MP (Qmax). APBA_MPs were also tested for antibody purification directly from CHO cell supernatants. The particles were able to bind 98% of IgG loaded and to recover 95% of pure IgG (purity greater than 98%) at extremely mild conditions. &lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barroso, Telma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, Abid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, Ana C A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Aguiar‐Ricardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional monolithic platforms: Chromatographic tools for antibody purification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology journal</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biot.201200328/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">671–681</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Polymer monoliths are an efficient platform for antibody purification. The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and engineered antibody structures as therapeutics has increased exponentially over the past few decades. Several approaches use polymer monoliths to purify large quantities of antibody with defined clinical and performance requirements. Functional monolithic supports have attracted a great deal of attention as they offer practical advantages for antibody purification, such as more rapid analysis, smaller sample volume requirements and the opportunity for a greater target molecule enrichment. This review focuses on the development of synthetic and natural polymer-based monoliths for antibody purification. The materials and methods employed in monolith production are discussed, highlighting the properties of each system. We also review the structural characterization techniques available using monolithic systems and their performance under different chromatographic approaches to antibody capture and release. Finally, a summary of monolithic platforms developed for antibody separation is presented, as well as expected trends in research to solve current and future challenges in this field. This review comprises a comprehensive analysis of proposed solutions highlighting the remarkable potential of monolithic platforms.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dias, A M G C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcos, A S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology Advances</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical Technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colloids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetite Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polysaccharides</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959138</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142–155</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles {(MNPs)} alone are suitable for a broad spectrum of applications, but the low stability and heterogeneous size distribution in aqueous medium represent major setbacks. These setbacks can however be reduced or diminished through the coating of {MNPs} with various polymers, especially biopolymers such as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are biocompatible, non-toxic and renewable; in addition, they possess chemical groups that permit further functionalization of the {MNPs.} Multifunctional entities can be created through decoration with specific molecules e.g. proteins, peptides, drugs, antibodies, biomimetic ligands, transfection agents, cells, and other ligands. This development opens a whole range of applications for iron oxide nanoparticles. In this review the properties of magnetic structures composed of {MNPs} and several polysaccharides {(Agarose}, Alginate, Carrageenan, Chitosan, Dextran, Heparin, Gum Arabic, Pullulan and Starch) will be discussed, in view of their recent and future biomedical and biotechnological applications.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;{PMID:} 20959138&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batalha, Iris L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, Abid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gum Arabic coated magnetic nanoparticles with affinity ligands specific for antibodies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Molecular Recognition</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adsorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibodies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibody Affinity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferric Compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourier Transform Infrared</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gum arabic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ligands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metal Nanoparticles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Particle Size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepharose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectroscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Triazines</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oct</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20119950</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">462–471</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A novel magnetic support based on gum Arabic {(GA)} coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles {(MNP)} has been endowed with affinity properties towards immunoglobulin G {(IgG)} molecules. The success of the in situ triazine ligand synthesis was confirmed by fluorescence assays. Two synthetic ligands previously developed for binding to {IgG}, named as ligand 22/8 (artificial Protein A) and ligand 8/7 (artificial Protein L) were immobilized on to {MNPs} coated with {GA} {(MNP\_GA).} The dimension of the particles core was not affected by the surface functionalization with {GA} and triazine ligands. The hydrodynamic diameters of the magnetic supports indicate that the coupling of {GA} leads to the formation of larger agglomerates of particles with about 1 microm, but the introduction of the triazine ligands leads to a decrease on {MNPs} size. The non-functionalized {MNP\_GA} bound 28 mg {IgG/g}, two times less than bare {MNP} (60 mg {IgG/g).} {MNP\_GA} modified with ligand 22/8 bound 133 mg {IgG/g} support, twice higher than the value obtained for ligand 8/7 magnetic adsorbents (65 mg/g). Supports modified with ligand 22/8 were selected to study the adsorption and the elution of {IgG.} The adsorption of human {IgG} on this support followed a Langmuir behavior with a Q(máx) of 344 mg {IgG/g} support and K(a) of 1.5 x 10(5) M. The studies on different elution conditions indicated that although the 0.05 M citrate buffer {(pH} 3) presented good recovery yields (elution 64% of bound protein), there was occurrence of iron leaching at this acidic {pH.} Therefore, a potential alternative would be to elute bound protein with a 0.05 M {glycine-NaOH} {(pH} 11) buffer.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;{PMID:} 20119950&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barroso, Telma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temtem, Márcio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, Abid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguiar-Ricardo, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, Ana Cecília A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preparation and characterization of a cellulose affinity membrane for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) purification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Membrane Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Affinity membrane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomimetic ligand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellulose</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immunoglobulins purification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ionic liquid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738809008035</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">348</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">224–230</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;This paper reports the design, preparation and characterization of cellulose affinity membranes for antibody purification using a new methodology. Cellulose membranes were prepared from polymer-ionic liquid solutions, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride {([BMIM][Cl])}, by the water induced phase inversion process. After functionalization with a synthetic ligand 2-(3-aminophenol)-6-(4-amino-1-naphthol)-4-chloro-s-triazine (ligand 22/8), these were evaluated as affinity supports for human immunoglobulin G {(IgG).} Membranes were characterized in terms of morphology {(SEM)}, porosity (mercury porosimetry), hydrophilicity (contact angle measurement), transport properties (permeability) and mechanical performance {(DMA).} Membranes prepared with varying cellulose contents (5 and 10&amp;amp;\#xa0;wt.% cellulose in ionic liquid solutions) lead to films with different properties. The 10&amp;amp;\#xa0;wt.% cellulose membrane presented enhanced morphological and mechanical properties, however, the morphology of this membrane was significantly altered after ligand coupling. Adsorption isotherms for human {IgG} onto 10&amp;amp;\#xa0;wt.% matrix activated with ligand 22/8 were obtained. Preliminary results showed that the bovine serum albumin {(BSA)}, a model impurity, did not adsorb onto the membrane while up to 6&amp;amp;\#xa0;mg {IgG/g} was bound and 2&amp;amp;\#xa0;mg {IgG/g} recovered.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;n/a&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pina, A. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bio-recognition and detection using liquid crystals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosensors and Bioelectronics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosensor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquid crystal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyotropic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermotropic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095656630900236X</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1–8</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Liquid crystals {(LCs)} are used extensively by the electronics industry as display devices. Advances in the understanding of the liquid crystalline phase and the chemistry therein lead to the development of {LC} exhibiting faster switching speed with greater twist angle. This in turn lead to the emergence of liquid crystal displays, rendering dial-and-needle based displays (such as those used in various meters) and cathode ray tubes obsolete. In this article, we review the history of {LC} and their emergence as an invaluable material for display devices and the more recent discovery of their use as sensing elements in biosensors. This new application of {LC} as tools in the development of fast and simple biosensors is envisaged to gain more importance in the foreseeable future.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;n/a&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, Ana C A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bicho, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batalha, Iris L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardoso, Ana S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, Abid</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biocompatible and bioactive gum Arabic coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Biotechnology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antibody</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioseparation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gum arabic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic nanoparticles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165609003897</style></url></web-urls></urls><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313–320</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The surface modification of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles {(MNPs)} with gum Arabic {(GA)} via adsorption and covalent coupling was studied. The adsorption of {GA} was assessed during {MNP} chemical synthesis by the co-precipitation method {(MNP\_GA)}, and after {MNP} synthesis on both bare magnetite and {MNP\_GA.} The covalent immobilization of {GA} at the surface of aldehyde-activated {(MNP\_GAAPTES)} or aminated {MNPs} {(MNP\_GAEDC)} was achieved through free terminal amino and carboxylate groups from {GA.} The presence of {GA} at the surface of the {MNPs} was confirmed by {FTIR} and by the quantification of {GA} by the bicinchoninic acid test. Results indicated that the maximum of {GA} coating was obtained for the covalent coupling of {GA} through its free carboxylate groups {(MNP\_GAEDC)}, yielding a maximum of 1.8&amp;amp;\#xa0;g of {GA} bound/g of dried particles. The hydrodynamic diameter of {MNPs} modified with {GA} after synthesis resulted in the lowest values, in opposition to the {MNPs} co-precipitated with {GA} which presented the tendency to form larger aggregates of up to 1&amp;amp;\#xa0;μm. The zeta potentials indicate the existence of negatively charged surfaces before and after {GA} coating. The potential of the {GA} coated {MNPs} for further biomolecule attachment was assessed through anchorage of a model antibody to aldehyde-functionalized {MNP\_GA} and its subsequent detection with an {FITC} labeled anti-antibody.&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;n/a&lt;/p&gt;
</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pina, A. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hussain, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roque, A. C. A.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An historical overview of drug discovery</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions in Drug Discovery</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/content/m16l7227w40h1h22/#section=751079&amp;page=4&amp;locus=3</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humana Press Inc. </style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USA</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-12</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Drug Discovery in modern times straddles three main periods. The first notable period can be traced to the nineteenth century where the basis of drug discovery relied on the serendipity of the medicinal chemists. The second period commenced around the early twentieth century when new drug structures were found, which contributed for a new era of antibiotics discovery. Based on these known structures, and with the development of powerful new techniques such as molecular modelling, combinatorial chemistry, and automated high-throughput screening, rapid advances occurred in drug discovery towards the end of the century. The period also was revolutionized by the emergence of recombinant DNA technology, where it became possible to develop potential drugs target candidates. With all the expansion of new technologies and the onset of the &quot;Omics&quot; revolution in the twenty-first century, the third period has kick-started with an increase in biopharmaceutical drugs approved by FDA/EMEA for therapeutic use.&lt;/p&gt;
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